Hernia

A Hernia is the protrusion of an part or whole of the viscus through the abnormal  opening of abdominal wall.

Hernia of Abdominal Wall
According to Anatomical location:

    hernia
  • Inguinal Hernia (Direct and Indirect)
  • Femoral
  • Midline Hernia
  • Umbilical Hernia (Infantile, Adult, Omphalocele)
  • Epigastric
  • Lumbar
According to etiology:
  • Congenital
  • Acquired
According to Clinical presentation:
  • Complete
  • Incomplete
  • Reducible
  • Non reducible
  • Traumatic
  • Post Operative
  • Complicated (Incarcerated and Strangulated)
  • Non complicated

Cause of Hernia
  • weakness in Abdominal wall due to physical stress, Aging, injury or surgery
  • Increase abdominal pressure due to pregnancy, excessive cough, constipation, overweight, Ascites, tumor etc.
  • Congenital defect (failure of abdominal  wall to close properly)

Epigastric Hernias
It is more common in Men than Women. Epigastric Hernias
occurs due to weakness or opening in muscle of upper Abdominal wall (Between Xiphoid process of sternum and umbilicus)

Hiatal Hernia
Hiatal Hernia is result of weakness in the diaphragm. which is dome shaped organ that separate thorax and abdomen. Hiatal Hernia cause reflux of gastric content into esophagus that lead to erosion of esophageal epithelium so that patient ’s complain heart burn and pain.

Umbilical Hernia
Protrusion of abdominal viscera through umbilicus. Which has a Natural weakness from the blood vessel of the Umbilical cord. Umbilical hernia that may be reducible or Non reducible. If Non reducible  hernia, it needs to repair as soon as possible.

Direct Inguinal Hernia
Direct Inguinal Hernia is type of Inguinal Hernia, where protrusion of abdominal viscera medial to the Inferior epigastric vessels (Through Hasselbach's Triangle ). In Direct Inguinal Hernia, Abdominal viscera passes through superficial inguinal Ring.

Indirect Inguinal Hernia
Indirect Inguinal Hernia is type of Inguinal Hernia, where protrusion of abdominal viscera lateral to the Inferior epigastric vessels. In Indirect Inguinal Hernia, Abdominal viscera travel through the Deep inguinal Ring to superficial inguinal Ring.

Hasselbach's Triangle
Inguinal triangle also called Hasselbach's Triangle. which is made up off lateral margin of Rectus abdominis, Inguinal ligament and Inferior Epigastric Vessels(Artery and vein)

Borders of Hasselbach's Triangle
Medial: Lateral margin of Rectus abdominis
Inferolateral: Inguinal ligament
Superolateral: Inferior epigastric vessels
Hasselbach's Triangle
Hasselbach's Triangle

Incarcerated  Hernia
Non reducible( Not able to push abdominal viscera into their natural position) manually, Increase risk of strangulation.

Strangulated Hernia
When vascular supply of viscera is cut off, lead to increase risk of Ischemia.

Femoral Hernia
Protrusion of Abdominal viscera through a weak point or tear   in Upper inner thigh muscle(Through Femoral Triangle)

Femoral triangle
Femoral triangle is Anatomical region of the Upper inner thigh. This area formed superiorly by the inguinal ligament, medially by the adductor longus muscle and laterally by the sartorius muscle
The femoral triangle is bounded by:
  • (superiorly) by the inguinal ligament.
  • (laterally) by the medial border of the sartorius muscle.
  • (medially) by the medial border of the adductor longus muscle.
Floor: Ileopsoas Muscle, Pectinous Muscle and Adductor Longus muscle.

Content of Femoral triangle
Femoral triangle
Femoral triangle
  • Femoral Nerve (Outside femoral sheath)
  • Femoral Artery
  • Femoral Vein
  • Lymph vessels
Symptoms of Hernia
  • Pain in affected Area
  • swelling
  • Feeling of heaviness in abdomen
  • Discomfort
  • Heartburn and upper abdominal pain in hiatal hernia.

Treatment of Hernia
  • Umbilical Hernia may heal themselves with in four years (In babies)
  • Other form of Hernia is repaired by Hernia Repair surgery (also called herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty).

Herniorrhaphy (Hernioplasty) is a surgical procedure. Which can be divided in to three technique:
  • Open tension repair: Edge of the defect are sewn back together without any Reinforcement or prosthesis.
  • Open tension free repair: The placement of synthetic mesh (which are made from polypropylene or polyester) to strengthen the Inguinal region. Nowadays, almost all hernia is repaired by open tension free repair method.
  • laparoscopic repair: This method also tension free, although the mesh is placed within the pre peritoneal space behind the defect as opposed to in or over it.

Complications of Hernia

  • Irreducibility
  • Obstruction
  • Strangulation (when blood supply of this area is cutoff due to compression at hernial orifice)

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  1. عملية الفتق الاربي بالمنظار أسباب خلقية وأعراض واضحة وماهو الفتق الإربي؟ عند الجنين وقبل أن يولد الطفل تكون الخصيتان أو المبيضان في بطن الطفل مع وجود رباط خاص يربط كل منها بالصفن عند الذكور والأشفار عند الإناث، ومع اقتراب موعد الولادة يشد هذا الرباط تلك الأعضاء باتجاه مكانها الطبيعي النهائي حيث تنزل الخصيتان باتجاه الصفن والمبيضان باتجاه الحوض، هذا النزول يتم عبر قناة خاصة هي القناة الإربية وبعده تنغلق القناة لوحدها وبشكل دائم خلال أسابيع من بعد الولادة، أما في حالة عدم انغلاق هذه القناة يصاب الطفل بالفتق الإربي، فالذي يحدث أن جزءاً من الأمعاء يدخل ضمن القناة التي لم تنغلق ويبرز هذا الجزء بين فترة لأخرى على شكل كتلة أو انتفاخ "أعلى الفخذ وأسفل البطن" في الناحية الإربية تسمى كتلة الفتق، ويعتبر الفتق الإربي عند الأطفال من أكثر الأمراض الجراحية انتشارا وعليه يمكن القول أن الفتق عند الأطفال سببه خلقي من الولادة. تكلفة عملية الفتق بالمنظار

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